数控加工中各类焊接技术分类介绍

Introduction to Classification of Various Welding Technologies in CNC Machining

　　手弧焊

Hand arc welding

　　手弧焊是各种电弧焊方法中发展早、目前仍然应用广的一种焊接方法。它是以外部涂有涂料的焊条作电极和填充金属，电弧是在焊条的端部和被焊工件表面之间燃烧。涂料在电弧热作用下一方面可以产生气体以保护电弧，另一方面可以产生熔渣覆盖在熔池表面，防止熔化金属与周围气体的相互作用。

Hand arc welding is the earliest developed and still the most widely used welding method among various arc welding methods. It uses a coated electrode as the electrode and filler metal, and the arc burns between the end of the electrode and the surface of the workpiece being welded. On the one hand, coatings can generate gas to protect the arc under the heat of the arc, and on the other hand, they can generate slag to cover the surface of the molten pool, preventing the interaction between the molten metal and the surrounding gas.

　　熔渣的更重要作用是与熔化金属产生物理化学反应或添加合金元素，改善焊缝金属能。手弧焊设备简单、轻便，操作灵活。可以应用于维修及装配中的短缝的焊接，特别是可以用于难以达到的部位的焊接。手弧焊配用相应的焊条可适用于大多数工业用碳钢、不锈钢、铸铁、铜、铝、镍及其合金。

The more important role of slag is to react physically and chemically with the molten metal or add alloying elements to improve the performance of the weld metal. Hand arc welding equipment is simple, lightweight, and flexible to operate. It can be used for welding short seams in maintenance and assembly, especially for welding difficult to reach areas. Hand arc welding with corresponding welding rods can be applied to most industrial carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron, copper, aluminum, nickel and their alloys.

　　埋弧焊

Submerged arc welding

　　埋弧焊是以颗粒状焊剂为保护介质，电弧掩藏在焊剂层下的一种熔化极电  焊接方法。埋弧焊的施焊过程由三个环节组成：1在焊件待焊接缝处均匀堆敷足够的颗粒状焊剂；2 导电嘴和焊件分别接通焊接电源两级以产生焊接电弧；3 自动送进焊丝并移动电弧实施焊接。

Submerged arc welding is a melting electrode welding method that uses granular flux as the protective medium and the arc is hidden under the flux layer. The welding process of submerged arc welding consists of three steps: 1. Evenly apply sufficient granular flux at the joint to be welded; Connect the two conductive nozzles and the welding components to the welding power supply at two levels to generate a welding arc; 3. Automatically feed welding wire and move the arc to perform welding.

　　钨极气体保护电弧焊

Tungsten gas shielded arc welding

　　这是一种不熔化极气体保护电弧焊，是利用钨极和工件之间的电弧使金属熔化而形成焊缝的。焊接过程中钨极不熔化，只起电极的作用。同时由焊炬的喷嘴送进氩气或氦气作保护。还可根据需要另外添加金属。在国际上通称为TIG焊(非熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊)。钨极气体保护电弧焊由于能很好地控制热输入，所以它是连接薄板金属和打底焊的一种极好方法。这种方法几乎可以用于所有金属的连接，尤其适用于焊接铝、镁这些能形成难熔氧化物的金属以及象钛和锆这些活泼金属。这种焊接方法的焊缝质量高，但与其它电弧焊相比，其焊接速度较慢。

This is a type of non melting gas shielded arc welding, which uses the arc between the tungsten electrode and the workpiece to melt the metal and form a weld. During the welding process, the tungsten electrode does not melt and only serves as an electrode. At the same time, argon or helium gas is fed into the nozzle of the welding torch for protection. Metal can also be added as needed. Internationally known as TIG welding (Non Inert Gas Arc Welding). Tungsten gas shielded arc welding is an excellent method for connecting thin sheet metal and backing welding due to its ability to effectively control heat input. This method can be used for almost all metal connections, especially for welding metals such as aluminum and magnesium that can form refractory oxides, as well as active metals like titanium and zirconium. This welding method has high weld quality, but its welding speed is slower compared to other arc welding methods.

　　熔化极气体保护电弧焊

Melting gas shielded arc welding

　　熔化极气体保护电弧焊属于用电弧作为热源的熔化焊方法，其电弧建立在连续送进的焊丝与熔池之间熔化的焊丝金属与母材金属混合而成的熔池在电弧热源移走后结晶形成焊缝并把分离的母材通过冶金方式连接起来。

Gas shielded arc welding is a fusion welding method that uses an arc as a heat source. The arc is established between the continuously fed welding wire and the molten pool, where the melted welding wire metal is mixed with the base metal to form a molten pool. After the arc heat source is removed, it crystallizes to form a weld and connects the separated base metal through metallurgical methods.

　　等离子弧焊

Plasma arc welding

　　助水冷喷嘴等措施，可以使电弧的弧柱区横截面积减小，电弧的温度、能量密度、等离子的流速都显著提高，这种用外部拘束使弧柱受到压缩的电弧称为等离子弧。

Measures such as water cooling nozzles can reduce the cross-sectional area of the arc column, significantly increase the temperature, energy density, and plasma flow rate of the arc. This type of arc that compresses the arc column with external constraints is called a plasma arc.

　　等离子弧是电弧的一种特殊形式，是一种具有高能量密度的电弧，仍然是气体导电现象。等离子弧焊接是利用等离子弧的热量加热＆熔化工件和母材实现焊接的方法。

Plasma arc is a special form of arc, which is a high energy density arc and still a gas conductive phenomenon. Plasma arc welding is a method of welding that utilizes the heat of a plasma arc to heat and melt the workpiece and base material.

　　分类：穿孔型等离子弧焊和微束等离子弧焊。

Classification: Perforated plasma arc welding and micro beam plasma arc welding.

　　管状焊丝电弧焊

Tubular wire arc welding

　　管状焊丝电弧焊也是利用连续送进的焊丝与工件之间燃烧的电弧为热源来进行焊接的，可以认为是熔化极气体保护焊的一种类型。所使用的焊丝是管状焊丝，管内装有各种组分的焊剂。焊接时，外加保护气体，主要是二氧化碳。焊剂受热分解或熔化，起着造渣保护溶池、渗合金及稳弧等作用。管状焊丝电弧焊除具有上述熔化极气体保护电弧焊的优点外，由于管内焊剂的作用，使之在冶金上更具优点。管状焊丝电弧焊可以应用于大多数黑色金属各种接头的焊接。管状焊丝电弧焊在一些工业已得到广泛应用。“管状焊丝”即现在所说的“药芯焊丝”。

Tubular wire arc welding is also a type of gas shielded metal welding that uses the continuously fed welding wire and the burning arc between the workpiece as the heat source for welding. The welding wire used is a tubular welding wire, which contains various components of flux inside the tube. When welding, a protective gas, mainly carbon dioxide, is added. The flux undergoes thermal decomposition or melting, playing a role in slag formation, protecting the molten pool, alloying, and stabilizing the arc. In addition to the advantages of gas shielded arc welding mentioned above, tubular wire arc welding also has advantages in metallurgy due to the effect of the flux inside the pipe. Tubular wire arc welding can be applied to the welding of various joints of most ferrous metals. Tubular wire arc welding has been widely used in some advanced industrial countries. "Tubular welding wire" is now known as "flux cored welding wire".

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